Long after they have completed their sentences, Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who have been convicted of "extremism" in Russia for exercising their right to freedom of religion and belief may continue to feel the impact of conviction in the form of sudimost — the state of being a convicted person with an active criminal record — and other sets of legal restrictions and requirements.

In combination with lengthy investigations and trials — during which individuals may have been in detention or under house arrest — and sentences themselves, this means that religious lives, health, reputations and finances of people could be adversely affected for well over a decade, even if they have not engaged in any violent activity or infringed upon the human rights of others .

After release, former prisoners are subject to three overlapping sets of measures affecting their legal status and everyday lives:

• sudimost, which applies to everyone found guilty of a criminal offense

• restrictions on freedom, an additional punishment decided on by the judge at sentencing

• administrative supervision, sought by prison authorities shortly before release and imposed by a court

For those who have served jail sentences for extremism-related offenses, sudimost is currently eight years, during which formal employment opportunities may be curtailed and any further offense incurs a harsher penalty. People who are handed suspended sentences and fines must also serve periods of sudimost and are usually subject to restrictions on freedom as well.

Both restrictions on freedom and administrative supervision entail a range of measures including curfews, restrictions on movement and an obligation to register with police or probation authorities at specified intervals. Jehovah's Witnesses have also been subject to bans on leadership or participation in religious organizations, which are not part of the standard range of restrictions.

The degree to which everyday life may be affected depends on individuals' own circumstances, such as whether they previously worked in occupations off-limits to those with criminal records and whether they regularly traveled outside their own regions for work or personal reasons. Nevertheless, the burden of regular registration and police checks and the general effect a criminal record may have on employment prospects apply to all.

‘Even lenient punishment is punishment’

"When a person is found guilty, it affects their future," Jehovah's Witness lawyers commented to Forum 18 on Nov. 9, 2020.

"With regard to Jehovah's Witnesses, practice in Russia is still new. The distant consequences are not yet visible."

The lawyers noted, however, the difficulties faced by Jehovah's Witnesses in other countries, such as South Korea, after conviction for conscientious objection to military service. While the majority of prosecuted Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia have received suspended sentences, meaning that they are unlikely to spend time behind bars, they still have a criminal record that may be active for a long time.

"Even lenient punishment is punishment, the consequences of which will be felt for years," the lawyers added.

Charges

After being kept under surveillance by the Russian Federal Security Service or police for some months, Muslims who meet to study the works of the late Turkish theologian Said Nursi and Jehovah's Witnesses tend to be prosecuted for "organizing" (Criminal Code Article 282.2, Part 1) or "participating in" (Part 2) "the activity of a social or religious association or other organization in relation to which a court has adopted a decision legally in force on liquidation or ban on the activity in connection with the carrying out of extremist activity".

The activities for which individuals are prosecuted under both these parts of Criminal Code Article 282.2 are very similar, including meeting in each others’ homes to pray and sing together, studying sacred texts and discussing shared beliefs.

Possible punishments are six to 10 years' imprisonment or a 400,000 to 800,000 ruble fine, two to six years' imprisonment or a 300,000 to 600,000 ruble fine and one to four years' assigned labor.

Several Jehovah's Witnesses have also been charged under Criminal Code Article 282.3, Part 1 ("Financing extremist activity"), apparently for continuing to collect donations for activities from fellow believers after the 2017 ban on Jehovah's Witness activity.

Possible punishments are three to eight years' imprisonment, a 300,000 to 700,000 ruble fine and one to four years' assigned labor.

Other charges have been brought against Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims under Criminal Code Article 282.2, Part 1.1 ("Inclination, recruitment or other involvement of a person in an extremist organization").

Possible punishments are four to eight years' imprisonment, a 300,000 to 700,000 ruble fine and two to five years' assigned labor.

All the above prison terms may also be suspended. This means that the convicted person does not have to serve the time in prison unless they are found guilty of another crime or repeated administrative offense, which can be unrelated to the activity that led to their original conviction. Judges can also impose a range of restrictions on freedom both during suspended sentences and for certain periods after a person's release from prison.

A fine of 300,000 rubles represents about six months' wages for those in formal work at the average rate of pay across Russia. However, levels of pay vary widely from region to region. Such a fine represents about 20 months' pension for those on the average level of pension.

Jehovah's Witnesses have been subject to criminal prosecution since the 2017 ruling by the Supreme Court of Russia that called them extremist and liquidated their administrative center and its subsidiary structures and outlawed their activities nationwide.

Muslims who meet to study the writings of theologian Said Nursi may also be prosecuted under the extremism law for organizing or participating in the activities of "Nurdzhular." Muslims in Russia deny such an organization exists, but the supreme court banned it as extremist in 2008. Typically, these Muslims meet in homes to study Islam, with one or more expounding on Nursi's works. They also pray, eat and drink tea together without seeking state permission to meet.

Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims subject to sudimost

A total of 63 Jehovah's Witnesses and four Muslims who read Nursi's works are known to have active criminal records and be still living in Russia outside of prison. These include people who have been released from prison, people serving the probationary periods of suspended sentences and people who paid a fine less than one year ago.

So far, only six Jehovah's Witnesses have completed prison terms. Two of them — Konstantin Viktorovich Bazhenov, 46, and Feliks Khasanovich Makhammadiyev, 37 — had been stripped of their Russian citizenship and were deported shortly after their release to Ukraine and Uzbekistan, respectively. They are therefore no longer subject to any post-sentence restrictions under Russian law but are unable to reenter the country for their eight-year sudimost period.

Four other Jehovah's Witnesses from Saratov, who were convicted in the same trial as Bazhenov and Makhammadiyev in 2019, have also recently been released from Orenburg's Labour Camp No. 1: Aleksey Vladimirovich Budenchuk, 39, Gennady Vasilyevich German, 52, Roman Aleksandrovich Gridasov, 44, and Aleksey Petrovich Miretsky, 47. They will carry the legal status of convicted persons until 2030, taking into account the one year they must spend under restrictions on freedom.

All of the 56 Jehovah's Witnesses with suspended sentences that have entered legal force also have the legal status of convicted persons, as none of their probationary periods have ended. These periods range from eight months for Vasily Pavlovich Reznichenko, 79, who received a two-year suspended sentence, to five years for Yury Alekseyevich Krutyakov, 69, Grigory Gennadyevich Bubnov, 57, Ruslan Nikolayevich Korolyov, 39, and Valery Anatolyevich Shalev, 45, who received suspended sentences of six years.

Three Jehovah's Witnesses who have paid fines in the last year also remain subject to sudimost. Fines must be paid within 30 days of a court verdict entering legal force — either ten days after the trial ends or when an appeal verdict is issued.

As well as Jehovah's Witnesses, four Muslims who were convicted of "continuing the activities" of Nurdzhular are known to have active criminal records. In Dagestan, Ziyavdin Badirsoltanovich Dapayev, 39, and Artur Abdulgamidovich Kaltuyev, 35, were convicted together in 2017 under Criminal Code Article 282.2, Part 1, and given prison terms of four years and three years, respectively.

Dapayev, who had spent 20 months in detention before and during the trial, was released in 2019 and Kaltuyev in 2020. They will retain the legal status of convicted persons until summer 2027 and summer 2028, respectively. Kaltuyev's brother, Sukhrab Abdulgamidovich Kaltuyev, 41, was also sentenced to three years' imprisonment but left Russia after his release in 2019.

In Novosibirsk, Komil Odilovich Odilov, 46, was sentenced to two years' imprisonment under Criminal Code Article 282.2, Part 1 in 2018 and was released in 2019, taking into account the time he had spent in detention. His legal status as a convicted person will remain until 2027.

Yevgeny Lvovich Kim, 48, from Blagoveshchensk in the Amur Region, received a prison sentence of three years and nine months in 2017. Taking into account his time in detention, he was released in 2019 but was immediately taken to an immigration detention center, having earlier been stripped of his Russian citizenship and left stateless. After his birthplace of Uzbekistan refused to accept him because he had never held Uzbek citizenship, he spent more than two years in Khabarovsk's detention center for foreign and stateless persons. He was released this year, but his legal position remains uncertain.

Kim was convicted under Criminal Code Article 282, Part 1, which forbids "actions directed at the incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as the humiliation of an individual or group of persons on the basis of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, attitude to religion, or social group," and Article 282.2, Part 1. Sudimost runs concurrently for multiple offenses, so Kim's criminal record is due to expire in 2027.

Rosfinmonitoring ‘List of Terrorists and Extremists’

Many Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who have been prosecuted under the extremism law have been added to the Federal Financial Monitoring Service, or Rosfinmonitoring, List of Terrorists and Extremists. Banks are obliged to block the accounts of all those on this list, although small transactions of up to 10,000 rubles are permitted.

The list is publicly accessible via the Rosfinmonitoring website, and updates to it are published in the government newspaper, Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

Being added to the Rosfinmonitoring list is a consequence not of conviction but of prosecution, as investigators add many people to the list before they are convicted or, in some cases, even before they are charged. If a criminal case is closed before reaching court, a person's name may remain on the list for several months before investigators or prosecutors have it removed.

Being added to the list leads to a variety of problems in everyday life, including being unable to receive salaries, pensions or benefits, renew insurance policies and even purchase a phone SIM card.

Sudimost: the legal state of being a convicted person

Sudimost, governed by Article 86 of the Criminal Code, is the legal state of being a convicted person with an active criminal record. People acquire this status when their conviction enters legal force, either ten days after the guilty verdict is issued or upon an unsuccessful appeal. The status lasts for a given period after they have served their sentence or discharged the punishment the judge imposed — depending on the type of penalty received and the category of offense.

After this period is over, sudimost is considered to be spent and all its legal consequences removed. Sudimost may also be annulled early upon application to a court.

The length of a convicted person's sudimost may directly affect the length of any administrative supervision they may be under after release from prison. It also governs how long someone may remain on the Rosfinmonitoring List of Terrorists and Extremists, although individuals may apply to have their names removed.

Moscow lawyer Valery Sarkisov described sudimost as, "at its core, a continuation of punishment," in remarks on his Sudebny Advokat law firm's website in May. As such, an active criminal record carries both legal and practical consequences for convicted people — including the risk of harsher punishment should they be prosecuted again — and a bar on working in certain fields.

How long does sudimost last?

The duration of sudimost is governed by the legislation in force at the moment of sentencing. For people who receive lesser, noncustodial sentences, it expires one year after the punishment is discharged, that is, after a fine is paid or after community service is completed.

When a person receives a suspended sentence, the judge sets out three periods of time: the sentence itself, which is the time the defendant would serve if sent to prison; the probationary period, which is the time during which any other conviction would send the defendant to prison — counted from the day the verdict comes into force and potentially longer or shorter than the sentence itself or of the same length — and a possible period of restrictions on freedom that runs concurrently with the probationary period but is not necessarily of the same duration.

Sudimost for people with suspended sentences expires at the same time as the probationary period unless the judge at sentencing has imposed a period of restrictions on freedom which ends later, in which case it will expire one year after that date.

For people with custodial sentences, sudimost depends on the category of crime for which they have been convicted as set out in Criminal Code Article 15, which in turn depends on the maximum possible prison terms these offenses carry. Those found guilty of minor and medium-severity offences have an active criminal record for three years after their punishment is served. For serious offences, sudimost lasts for eight years and for especially serious offences, ten years.

Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who meet to study Nursi's works are typically prosecuted under Criminal Code Article 282.2, Parts 1 or 2, which categorize as serious offenses organizing or participating in "the activity of a social or religious association or other organisation in relation to which a court has adopted a decision legally in force on liquidation or ban on the activity in connection with the carrying out of extremist activity."

Some Jehovah's Witnesses have also been charged under Article 282.3, Part 1, "Financing extremist activity," also a serious offense.

Muslim Yevgeny Kim was convicted under Article 282, Part 1, which categorizes as medium-severity "actions directed at the incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as the humiliation of an individual or group of persons on the basis of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, attitude to religion, or social group."

If a person is found guilty of more than one offense in the same court process — as in the cases of Kim and several Jehovah's Witnesses — the judge will decide on separate punishments for each and then add them together partially or in their entirety to form an aggregate sentence, as governed by Criminal Code Article 69.

Kim, for instance, received three years and six months under Article 282.2, Part 1, and one year under Article 282, Part 1, but was sentenced to a total of three years and nine months. In such cases, the sudimost for each offense is calculated separately; the individual retains the status of a convicted person until the last and longest period of sudimost has expired.

If a judge decides to impose an additional penalty in the form of restrictions on freedom after release from prison, the sudimost expiry date is calculated from the date the period of restrictions is over, not from the date of release.

For those under age 18, sudimost ranges from six months to three years. No underage Jehovah's Witnesses or Muslims are known to have been prosecuted under the extremism law.

Individuals can seek to have their sudimost canceled early. The law does not stipulate when this is permitted, but in practice, courts usually require that half the sudimost period has passed.

To apply to have sudimost canceled early, the convicted person must not have committed any further offense and must apply to a magistrate or district court with evidence of good behavior, such as character references from employers or neighbors, a copy of any employment contract or bank statements showing that any necessary compensation has been paid. They may also present evidence of the negative impact the state of being a convicted person is having on their life, for example, difficulty in finding work. If the application is unsuccessful, the convicted person must wait a year before trying again.

In October 2020, Yevgeny Kim applied unsuccessfully to have his sudimost annulled. He is the only Muslim who reads Nursi's works convicted under the extremism law known to have attempted this. No convicted Jehovah's Witnesses have.

According to the appeal verdict of December 2020 from Khabarovsk Regional Court, despite the positive character reference submitted by the immigration detention center, the court concluded, "The information provided does not allow (the court) to draw conclusions about the impeccable behaviour of the convict Ye. L. Kim, or that the length of time which has elapsed since his release from prison is sufficient to decide that it is possible to annul his sudimost early".

Consequences of sudimost

The primary effect of sudimost is on a person's legal position if they are prosecuted again. A further conviction during this period may incur a harsher punishment. Having an active criminal record, or in some cases, having had a criminal record at all, prevents an individual from holding certain jobs in sectors such as education, finance, law enforcement and civil service and from standing for election. Although there is no legal bar on employment in other sectors, many individuals find it hard to secure formal work anywhere after criminal convictions.

Sudimost also may also affect the length of administrative supervision of a prisoner after release and the length of time an individual may remain on the Rosfinmonitoring "List of Terrorists and Extremists."

Legal consequences: Recidivism

Under Article 18 of the Criminal Code, sudimost is taken into account when determining if an individual convicted a second time is considered a recidivist, ie. whether or not they are considered a first-time or repeat offender. If a person has committed a crime within the sudimost period of a previous offense, they will receive (unless there are mitigating circumstances) a more severe punishment, and will be less likely to be given a suspended sentence (as opposed to an actual prison term).

Recidivism can also affect the type of institution to which a prisoner is sent – whether an open-, general-, strict-, or special-regime labor camp ("correctional colony", ispravitelnaya koloniya, where most people with custodial sentences serve their terms, as outlined in Article 74 of the Criminal Enforcement Code), or prison (tyurma, reserved for those convicted of especially serious crimes and for "particularly dangerous" repeat offenders). ("Prison" is nevertheless used colloquially to refer to all places of incarceration.)

All women, as well as male first-time serious offenders (like all the male Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who read Nursi's works sentenced so far) are sent to general-regime labor camps. Were a man to be found guilty a second time of "continuing the activities" of Jehovah's Witnesses or "Nurdzhular" within the period of sudimost for his first conviction, he may be sent to a strict-regime labor camp (dependent on his earlier sentence and the type of recidivist he was considered to be).

Under Criminal Code Article 18, individuals convicted for a second time during a period of sudimost are not considered recidivists if their first convictions are for: a) minor offenses; b) underage offenses; or c) for offenses which resulted in a suspended sentence or deferred sentence, as long as this was not overturned and the person was never sent to prison; or d) if it has expired or been annulled.

A person is considered a "dangerous" recidivist, if a) they have committed a serious crime resulting in an actual custodial sentence (osuzhdaetsya k realnomu lisheniyu svobody), and have previously been twice sentenced to imprisonment (bylo osuzhdeno … k lisheniyu svobody) for medium-severity crimes; or b) they have committed a serious crime (not necessarily resulting in imprisonment), and have previously received a custodial sentence for a serious or especially serious crime (bylo osuzhdeno ... k realnomu lisheniyu svobody).

A person is considered an "especially dangerous" recidivist, if a) they have committed a serious crime resulting in an actual custodial sentence (osuzhdaetsya k realnomu lisheniyu svobody), and have previously twice received custodial sentences (bylo osuzhdeno .. k realnomu lisheniyu svobody) for serious offenses; or b) they have committed an especially serious crime, and have previously been convicted of an especially serious crime or twice convicted of a serious crime.

Being considered a "dangerous" or "especially dangerous" recidivist affects the length of administrative supervision a prisoner will be under after release (see below).

Legal consequences: Other

Sudimost also means that convicted people being prosecuted for a second time have no right to "release from criminal liability". This provision – at the request of investigators and the discretion of a court – leaves a person who has been charged for the first time with a minor or medium-severity offense with no criminal record if they pay a judicial fine to compensate for damages caused (Criminal Code Article 76).

This cannot now apply in any case to any Jehovah's Witnesses or Muslims who read Nursi's works, as Criminal Code Article 282.2, Parts 1 and 2 are now both categorized as serious offenses.

Three Novosibirsk Muslims charged with "participation" in the activities of "Nurdzhular" were, however, released from criminal liability in 2017 and 2018, as Article 282.2, Part 2 was a medium-severity offence at the time they were charged.

Under Criminal Code Article 80, after serving a certain length of time, prisoners may apply for early release and the replacement of their remaining term with a lesser punishment.

Having an active criminal record for certain offences, however, means that a person convicted for a second time must stay in prison for longer before such an application is permitted. Offences which carry this restriction include drug trafficking, sexual activity with a minor under 14, and terrorism and extremism offences.

Six Jehovah's Witnesses have so far applied for early release from imprisonment for first convictions under extremism-related Articles of the Criminal Code, after serving half their sentences; all were refused. If they or others are convicted and imprisoned again before their periods of sudimost have expired, they will have to wait longer before being allowed to apply.

Social and economic consequences

People with active sudimost are banned from working in a wide range of occupations, many of which are governed by their own specific federal laws or legal codes. Below is a non-exhaustive list:

• transport security (2007 Law on Transport Security);

• security of energy facilities (2011 Law on the Security of the Fuel-Energy Complex);

• aviation (Aviation Code Article 53 Part 3);

• the civil service (including, for instance, as a firefighter) (2004 Law on the Civil Service of the Russian Federation Article 16);

• the armed forces (1998 Law on Conscription and Military Service Article 23)

• the law (2002 Law on Advocacy); various roles in the financial sector (e.g. trading in company shares, debt collection), if convicted of a economic crime or a crime against the state (protiv gosudarstvennoy vlasti, which includes extremism-related offences) (1996 Law on Securities Markets; 2016 Law on Debt Collection); the customs service (2001 Law on Service in the Customs Authorities).

Technically, once sudimost has expired or been cancelled, a previously convicted person should be able to be considered for a job in these sectors, but employers may still ask about criminal records and make decisions accordingly.

A criminal record, even if expired or annulled (pogashennaya, snyata), will bar a person from employment in the following sectors:

• teaching or any other work with children, if the conviction was for an offense "against life and health; against the freedom, honor and dignity of the individual; against the sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, against family and minors; against public health and public morality, the foundations of the constitutional order and state security, peace and the safety of mankind, as well as against public safety" (Labour Code Article 331 and Article 351.1) (all of the extremism-related offences for which Jehovah's Witnesses and Nursi readers have been prosecuted fall under the Criminal Code's definition of crimes against "the constitutional order and state security");

• as a prosecutor (1992 Law on the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation Article 40.1);

• for the FSB (1995 Law on the FSB Article 16);

• for the Interior Ministry, which includes the police (2011 Law on Police Article 29; 2011 Law on Service in Internal Affairs Bodies Article 14);

• as a judge (1992 Law on the Status of Judges of the Russian Federation).

Apart from these occupations, sudimost – strictly speaking – presents no legal barrier to employment, but employers almost always ask about active criminal records in job applications. With the exception of the jobs listed above, it is unlawful to refuse employment to (or to sack) a person with expired or annulled sudimost. It is also against the law for a candidate to give false information or false documents in a job application.

Employers (apart from law enforcement agencies themselves) have no access to criminal records, and legally have no right to insist upon the provision of proof that a person has no active sudimost (unless they operate in the sectors listed above and are therefore obliged to check job applicants' status under Article 65 of the Labour Code).

Jehovah's Witness Sergey Rayman, who has a suspended sentence, told Forum 18 that he and his wife Valeriya have found it "impossible" to secure formal employment since their convictions. After an appeal, the Raymans are serving two-year probationary periods on suspended sentences of three years (plus 9 months' restrictions on freedom) for Sergey and two years (plus six months' restrictions on freedom) for Valeriya.

"A person answers honestly on the [employer's] application form, and for many, that is enough," the Raymans' lawyer Yevgeniya Shemberger told Forum 18 on 18 June 2021. She emphasized that nothing in law should prevent a convicted person from getting most jobs. "After all, they should be able to support themselves financially."

On the other hand, another Jehovah's Witness with a suspended sentence has been able to keep the factory job he has had for the last ten years. "When he was released [from detention], the director himself telephoned and asked him to come back to work," the man's wife told Forum 18. "He is very much valued there – therefore, they have arranged a schedule for him without a second shift, so that he can be at home at night [during his curfew]."

An individual or their legal representative may apply to the Interior Ministry's Main Information and Analytics Centre for a certificate (spravka) stating that they do or do not have a criminal record (no payment is required for this and there are no grounds for refusal other than an applicant's failure to provide the necessary documents or complete the application correctly).

Such certificates also state whether a person has ever been subject to criminal prosecution and how this concluded (if not in court). Some jobs – such as any which involve working with children – are also off limits to people who have ever been prosecuted, unless the case against them was closed on exonerating grounds (po reabilitiruyushchim osnovaniyam), or they were acquitted in court.

If a person has been convicted of a crime, the certificate sets out the charge, the date of conviction and the court which convicted them, the punishment imposed, and whether or not sudimost has expired or been annulled.

People with sudimost, even if they serve no prison time, may find it more difficult to get another job if they lost their previous job before conviction, if pre-trial detention, house arrest, travel restrictions, or the need to appear in court prevented them from working as normal, or if they were sacked for being subject to criminal prosecution.

Jehovah's Witness Vitaly Popov, an electrician and welder who worked at a school in Novosibirsk, lost his job months before his case came to court. "They called my workplace and forced my employer to fire me of his own free will, although the director clearly did not want to let me go," he commented to the jw-russia.org news website on 21 May 2021. "As a result, I lost my job, and cannot get work because of the criminal case. At first I tried to earn extra money, but when hearings began to be held about twice a week, I could no longer take care of the material needs of my family."

Sudimost also carries certain social/civic consequences. A person cannot stand for election if they have active sudimost for a serious or especially serious crime for which they were imprisoned, or if they are within ten (serious) or fifteen years (especially serious) of its expiry or annulment. In 2020, this ban was extended to those with active sudimost (or within five years of its expiry or annulment) for medium-severity offenses. People with active criminal records for extremism-related offenses (regardless of punishment) are also barred if they do not already fall into one of these categories.

Active sudimost (or expired/annulled sudimost for a serious or especially serious offense) is grounds for denial of a gun license, Moscow lawyer Valery Sarkisov also notes.

A current criminal record for an offense against the life or health of others bars a person from becoming a guardian or trustee for another person, Sarkisov added.

Administrative supervision

People who have been released from prison may also be placed under administrative supervision (administrativny nadzor) for all or part of their period of sudimost. This consists of a set of restrictions on movements and activities and a requirement to register regularly with the police. Its duration depends largely on the offense for which an individual was convicted, and in some cases, how they are deemed to have behaved in prison. Its implementation is governed by the 2011 Federal Law on administrative supervision of persons released from places of detention.

In most instances, administrative supervision is initially sought by prison authorities, who apply to a court about six months before a prisoner's release. The police may also go to court after a person's release to request administrative supervision. Once the period of supervision is over, the person's name is removed from the local Interior Ministry register of individuals under supervision, but a court may reimpose supervision at any time within the period of sudimost.

Everyone under administrative supervision must go to a local branch of the Interior Ministry to register from one to four times per month. At the discretion of the judge, other restrictions may include:

• a ban on going to certain locations;

• a ban on attendance at/participation in particular events;

• a curfew between particular hours;

• a ban on travel outside a specified area.

Police or the convicted person themselves may later apply to court for these to be changed. A person under supervision may apply to the police for a permit to travel outside restricted areas for exceptional personal reasons (e.g. death or illness of a close relative, medical treatment, college entrance examinations, job interviews).

Six months before Jehovah's Witness Aleksey Budenchuk was due to be released (on 6 July 2021), the administration of his labor camp applied to Orenburg's Central District Court with a request to impose administrative supervision. According to the court decision of 17 February 2021, seen by Forum 18, Budenchuk must register twice a month, and cannot travel outside Saratov Region, leave his home between the hours of 10pm and 6am, or go to "places of mass and other events or participate in such events".

Three other Saratov Jehovah's Witnesses – convicted at the same time as Budenchuk and released shortly after he was – will also be subject to the same "very strict" measures after their release, Jehovah's Witness spokesperson Yaroslav Sivulsky confirmed to Forum 18 on 24 May 2021.

A court will impose administrative supervision on a former prisoner with active sudimost for: serious or especially serious crimes; repeat offenses; intentional offenses against minors; and certain drug-related offenses, IF: a) the person was recognized during their sentence as a "malicious violator" of the prison regime; or b) the person commits two or more public order/public safety/public morality administrative offenses within a year of release. Under this category of reasons for supervision, the measures last from one to three years, not exceeding the length of the sudimost period.

Regardless of the above provisos, a person will be subject to administrative supervision if they were convicted of: a) a sexual offense against a minor; b) an offense with "dangerous or especially dangerous recidivism"; c) particular other serious or especially serious crimes, including Article 282.2 ("continuing the activities of a banned extremism organization"), Article 282.3, Part 1 ("Financing extremist activity"), and Article 150, Part 4 ("Involving a minor in a criminal group or in the commission of a serious or especially serious offence"); or d) a crime committed during an earlier period of administrative supervision.

For those who fall into this second category, supervision lasts for the entire period of sudimost. Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who study Nursi's works are prosecuted under Criminal Code Article 282.2 (with some Jehovah's Witnesses also charged under Article 282.3, Part 1 and a handful under Article 150, Part 4) – they are therefore subject to administration supervision for the full eight years of their sudimost, regardless of their conduct during their sentences.

If an individual was originally sentenced to post-release restrictions on freedom as an additional punishment, any administrative supervision begins after the period of these restrictions is over. This means that the four Saratov Jehovah's Witnesses convicted in 2019 who remain in Russia will be under some form of restriction until summer 2030.

If an individual manages to have a court annul their sudimost early, administrative supervision ends automatically. An individual may also apply for early termination of administrative supervision itself (which would have no effect on sudimost) after at least half the originally stipulated period, by presenting positive character references and evidence of observance of all restrictions and obligations. The police may also request that a court extend or shorten the period of supervision.

An individual under administrative supervision is obliged:

• to arrive at their place of residence from prison at a time specified by the prison authorities;

• to register with the police within three days of initial arrival and within three days of any change of residence or specially permitted travel;

• to notify the police of any change of address no later than three working days before the move; to notify police within three days of any change of job, workplace, or employment status; to allow police officers into their place of residence during curfew hours to carry out checks; and to appear whenever summoned to give verbal or written explanations of their observance of restrictions.

The police have the right to ask employers for information about supervised people's behavior.

Restrictions on freedom

Restrictions on freedom (ogranicheniya svobody) are not a post-sentence measure, but an integral part of sentencing, imposed either as an additional penalty when a person receives a real or suspended prison term, or as a primary punishment for some lesser offenses.

Periods of sudimost and administrative supervision are calculated from the date that restrictions on freedom come to an end, as a convicted person is not deemed to have completed their sentence until this point.

Standard restrictions, as set out in Criminal Code Article 53, include:

• a curfew between particular hours;

• a ban on visiting certain places;

• a ban on leaving one's home town;

• a ban on attendance at/participation in particular events;

• a ban on changing one's place of residence, work, or study without the consent of probation authorities; and an obligation to register with probation authorities one to four times per month.

The probation authorities may later apply to court to overturn or add particular measures.

As a primary punishment for minor and medium-severity crimes, restrictions on freedom last from two months to four years. If restrictions are violated, a court may replace restrictions on freedom with imprisonment or assigned labor at a rate of two days to one. As an additional punishment after imprisonment or assigned labor – as in the case of Jehovah's Witnesses who have been convicted under the Extremism Law – restrictions on freedom last from six months to two years.

According to Chapter 8 of the Criminal Enforcement Code, the Penal Enforcement Inspectorate (which is part of the federal prison service, FSIN) is responsible for monitoring people who are under restrictions on freedom (as well as those in the probationary periods of suspended sentences).

If a person has also been made subject to administrative supervision (see above), the Inspectorate must inform the local branch of the Interior Ministry of the impending expiry of the term of restrictions, no more than two months before responsibility for the convicted person is transferred to the police.

The Inspectorate registers, photographs, and fingerprints the convicted person, checks that they are complying with the restrictions, penalizes them if they are not (at first with a warning, then an official caution, then a possible return to prison), and may temporarily waive restrictions in special circumstances, such as the death or illness of a close relative or the need to travel for a job interview.

Most Jehovah's Witnesses who have received prison terms or suspended sentences have also been handed periods of restrictions on freedom, ranging from six months to three years (none known to exceed the probationary periods of those with suspended terms).

None of the Muslims sentenced to imprisonment since 2017 is known to have received a period of restrictions on freedom, apart from Yevgeny Kim, who received one year of restrictions. According to his lawyer Lyubov Tatarets, this was not valid, however, because he was later deprived of his Russian citizenship, and such restrictions cannot by law apply to foreign or stateless persons.

Judges have also imposed additional specific restrictions on several Jehovah's Witnesses, banning them from leading, participating in, or holding positions of responsibility in religious and/or public organizations for periods of three to five years. These are not part of the standard restrictions on freedom governed by Criminal Code Article 53, and so do not affect the calculation of the sudimost period.

All registered Jehovah's Witness organizations were liquidated and outlawed by the Supreme Court ruling of 2017. Nevertheless, such bans would prevent people from participating in other registered religious communities, should they choose to join them. The Supreme Court had also banned "Nurdzhular" as extremist in 2008 and it had no registered local organizations in any case, but a leadership or participation ban may also curtail an individual's involvement in any registered mosque or other religious community. No Nursi reader is as yet known to be subject to such restrictions, however.

This story is republished with permission from Forum 18.